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<meta name="description" content="ChatGPT kann Multiple-Choice-Fragen mit beeindruckenden Leistungen beantworten. Gilt dies auch für Fragen mit freien Antwortmöglichkeiten?">
<title>Performance of ChatGPT in constructed responses</title>
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Performance of ChatGPT in constructed responses">
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<h1 class="title">Performance of ChatGPT in constructed responses</h1>
<p class="subtitle lead">Die Performance von ChatGPT in freien Antwortformaten</p>
<div>
<div class="description">
<p>ChatGPT kann Multiple-Choice-Fragen mit beeindruckenden Leistungen beantworten. Gilt dies auch für Fragen mit freien Antwortmöglichkeiten?</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-author">
<div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Autor:innen</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Zugehörigkeit</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p class="author"><a href="https://ekvv.uni-bielefeld.de/pers_publ/publ/PersonDetail.jsp?personId=251340451">Hendrik Friederichs, MD</a> <a href="mailto:hendrik.friederichs@uni-bielefeld.de" class="quarto-title-author-email"><i class="bi bi-envelope"></i></a> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9671-5235" class="quarto-title-author-orcid"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></a></p>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p class="affiliation">
<a href="https://www.uni-bielefeld.de/fakultaeten/medizin/">
Universität Bielefeld, Medizinische Fakultät OWL
</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p class="author">Lennart Handke <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-2222-1111-3333" class="quarto-title-author-orcid"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></a></p>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p class="affiliation">
<a href="https://www.uni-bielefeld.de/fakultaeten/medizin/">
Universität Bielefeld, Medizinische Fakultät OWL
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta">
<div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-heading">Veröffentlichungsdatum</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta-contents">
<p class="date">6. September 2023</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="abstract">
<div class="block-title">Zusammenfassung</div>
<p><strong>Background / Hintergrund</strong>: …</p>
<p><strong>Methods / Methoden</strong>: …</p>
<p><strong>Results / Ergebnisse</strong>: …</p>
<p><strong>Conclusio / Schlussfolgerungen</strong>: …</p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="keywords">
<div class="block-title">Schlüsselwörter</div>
<p>Medical Education, Artificial Intelligence</p>
</div>
</div>
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<h2 id="toc-title">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#background-hintergrund" id="toc-background-hintergrund" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#background-hintergrund">Background / Hintergrund</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#broad-problem-allgemeineres-problem" id="toc-broad-problem-allgemeineres-problem" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#broad-problem-allgemeineres-problem">Broad problem / Allgemeineres Problem</a></li>
<li><a href="#theoretical-andor-empirical-focus-of-the-problem-theoretische-undoder-empirische-fokussierung-des-problems" id="toc-theoretical-andor-empirical-focus-of-the-problem-theoretische-undoder-empirische-fokussierung-des-problems" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#theoretical-andor-empirical-focus-of-the-problem-theoretische-undoder-empirische-fokussierung-des-problems">Theoretical and/or empirical focus of the problem / Theoretische und/oder empirische Fokussierung des Problems</a></li>
<li><a href="#focused-problem-statement-fokussiertes-problem-statement-gap-und-möglicher-fortschritt" id="toc-focused-problem-statement-fokussiertes-problem-statement-gap-und-möglicher-fortschritt" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#focused-problem-statement-fokussiertes-problem-statement-gap-und-möglicher-fortschritt">Focused problem statement / Fokussiertes Problem-Statement: Gap und möglicher Fortschritt</a></li>
<li><a href="#statement-of-study-intent-fokussierte-forschungsfragen" id="toc-statement-of-study-intent-fokussierte-forschungsfragen" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#statement-of-study-intent-fokussierte-forschungsfragen">Statement of study intent / Fokussierte Forschungsfrage/n</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#methods-methoden" id="toc-methods-methoden" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#methods-methoden">Methods / Methoden</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#setting-and-subjects-setting-und-probanden" id="toc-setting-and-subjects-setting-und-probanden" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#setting-and-subjects-setting-und-probanden">Setting and subjects / Setting und Probanden</a></li>
<li><a href="#study-design-studiendesign" id="toc-study-design-studiendesign" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#study-design-studiendesign">Study design / Studiendesign</a></li>
<li><a href="#ethical-approval-ethikvotum" id="toc-ethical-approval-ethikvotum" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#ethical-approval-ethikvotum">Ethical approval / Ethikvotum</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-collection-datenerhebung" id="toc-data-collection-datenerhebung" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#data-collection-datenerhebung">Data collection / Datenerhebung</a></li>
<li><a href="#outcome-measures-ergebnisparameter" id="toc-outcome-measures-ergebnisparameter" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#outcome-measures-ergebnisparameter">Outcome Measures / Ergebnisparameter</a></li>
<li><a href="#statistical-methods-statistische-methoden" id="toc-statistical-methods-statistische-methoden" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#statistical-methods-statistische-methoden">Statistical methods / Statistische Methoden</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#results-ergebnisse" id="toc-results-ergebnisse" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#results-ergebnisse">Results / Ergebnisse</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#recruitment-process-and-demographic-characteristics-studienteilnehmer" id="toc-recruitment-process-and-demographic-characteristics-studienteilnehmer" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#recruitment-process-and-demographic-characteristics-studienteilnehmer">Recruitment Process and Demographic Characteristics / Studienteilnehmer</a></li>
<li><a href="#primary-and-secondary-outcomes-haupt--und-nebenergebnisse" id="toc-primary-and-secondary-outcomes-haupt--und-nebenergebnisse" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#primary-and-secondary-outcomes-haupt--und-nebenergebnisse">Primary and secondary Outcomes / Haupt- und Nebenergebnisse</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#discussion-diskussion" id="toc-discussion-diskussion" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#discussion-diskussion">Discussion / Diskussion</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#summary-zusammenfassung-der-ergebnisse" id="toc-summary-zusammenfassung-der-ergebnisse" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#summary-zusammenfassung-der-ergebnisse">Summary / Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse</a></li>
<li><a href="#limitation-studienpopulation" id="toc-limitation-studienpopulation" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#limitation-studienpopulation">Limitation: Studienpopulation</a></li>
<li><a href="#limitation-studiendesign" id="toc-limitation-studiendesign" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#limitation-studiendesign">Limitation: Studiendesign</a></li>
<li><a href="#integration-with-prior-work-vergleich-mit-bestehender-theoretischer-und-empirischer-forschung" id="toc-integration-with-prior-work-vergleich-mit-bestehender-theoretischer-und-empirischer-forschung" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#integration-with-prior-work-vergleich-mit-bestehender-theoretischer-und-empirischer-forschung">Integration with prior work / Vergleich mit bestehender theoretischer und empirischer Forschung</a></li>
<li><a href="#implications-for-practice-direkte-auswirkungen-der-ergebnisse-auf-praxis" id="toc-implications-for-practice-direkte-auswirkungen-der-ergebnisse-auf-praxis" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#implications-for-practice-direkte-auswirkungen-der-ergebnisse-auf-praxis">Implications for practice / Direkte Auswirkungen der Ergebnisse auf Praxis</a></li>
<li><a href="#implications-for-research-direkte-auswirkungen-der-ergebnisse-auf-forschung" id="toc-implications-for-research-direkte-auswirkungen-der-ergebnisse-auf-forschung" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#implications-for-research-direkte-auswirkungen-der-ergebnisse-auf-forschung">Implications for research / Direkte Auswirkungen der Ergebnisse auf Forschung</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#conclusions-schlussfolgerungen" id="toc-conclusions-schlussfolgerungen" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#conclusions-schlussfolgerungen">Conclusions / Schlussfolgerungen</a></li>
<li><a href="#references" id="toc-references" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
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<p><sup>*</sup> These authors contributed equally to this work.</p>
<p><sup>1</sup> Universität Bielefeld, Medizinische Fakultät OWL</p>
<p><sup>✉</sup> Correspondence: <a href="mailto:hendrik.friederichs@uni-bielefeld.de">Hendrik Friederichs <hendrik.friederichs@uni-bielefeld.de></a></p>
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</div>
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p>This manuscript is a work in progress. However, thank you for your interest. Please feel free to visit this web site again at a later date.</p>
<p><span style="color: grey;"><em>Dieses Manuskript ist noch in Arbeit. Wir danken Ihnen jedoch für Ihr Interesse. Bitte besuchen Sie diese Website zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt noch einmal …</em></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="callout callout-style-default callout-tip callout-titled" title="STRUKTUR DES MANUSKRIPTS">
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<i class="callout-icon"></i>
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<div class="callout-title-container flex-fill">
STRUKTUR DES MANUSKRIPTS
</div>
<div class="callout-btn-toggle d-inline-block border-0 py-1 ps-1 pe-0 float-end"><i class="callout-toggle"></i></div>
</div>
<div id="callout-2" class="callout-2-contents callout-collapse collapse">
<div class="callout-body-container callout-body">
<p><span style="color: grey;"><em><strong>Relevantes (Studierenden-)Problem:</strong> <!-- Allgemeineres Problem: mit einem „Helden“ (Studierende oder v.a. junge Ärzte), man selbst als Wegbereiter, Trainer, „Enabler“ --> Die Akzeptanz von THEMA hat deutlich zugenommen. Für einen Einsatz im professionellen Bereich sind die Leistungen bisher aber allenfalls ausreichend.<br>
<strong>Fokussiertes Problem:</strong> Studienlage zu THEMA allgemein und Medical-Education-Kontext;<br>
Progress Tests eignen sich besonders zur Messung von Fortschritt durch Vergleich mit verschiedenen Ausbildungsniveaus.<br>
<strong>Gap des Problems:</strong> <!-- Gap / Dilemma / Widerspruch subj. Erwartung und Realität --> Es gibt eine hohe Erwartung an den Einsatz von THEMA in der Medizin. Die bisherigen Leistungen sind auch in der Medizin bisher aber allenfalls ausreichend.<br>
<strong>Lösung?:</strong> <!-- möglicher Fortschritt / mögliche Lösung - Ansprechen von Motiv(en): Anschluss, Leistung, Macht --> Gibt es einen Fortschritt durch bessere Leistungen der neuen Möglichkeiten?<br>
<strong>Forschungsfragen:</strong> Wie ist die absolute Leistung von THEMA im Progress Test Medizin?<br>
Wie ist die relative Leistung im Vergleich zu Medizinstudierenden?<br>
Wie sieht die Leistung bei detaillierter Betrachtung der Domänen und Kompetenzlevel aus?<br>
<strong>Studienpopulation:</strong> Medizinstudierende.<br>
<strong>Studiendesign:</strong> Kontrollierte Studie<br>
<strong>Datenerhebung:</strong> 200 Multiple-Choice-Fragen aus dem Progress Test Medizin<br>
<strong>Ergebnisparameter:</strong> Anzahl der richtigen Antworten insgesamt und pro Domäne bzw. Kompetenzlevel<br>
<strong>Statistik:</strong> Bestimmung der Prozentwerte für die absolute und z-Scores und Percentilen für die relative Bewertung der Leistungen.</em></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<section id="background-hintergrund" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="background-hintergrund">Background / Hintergrund</h2>
<section id="broad-problem-allgemeineres-problem" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="broad-problem-allgemeineres-problem">Broad problem / Allgemeineres Problem</h3>
<p>…</p>
</section>
<section id="theoretical-andor-empirical-focus-of-the-problem-theoretische-undoder-empirische-fokussierung-des-problems" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="theoretical-andor-empirical-focus-of-the-problem-theoretische-undoder-empirische-fokussierung-des-problems">Theoretical and/or empirical focus of the problem / Theoretische und/oder empirische Fokussierung des Problems</h3>
<p>…</p>
</section>
<section id="focused-problem-statement-fokussiertes-problem-statement-gap-und-möglicher-fortschritt" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="focused-problem-statement-fokussiertes-problem-statement-gap-und-möglicher-fortschritt">Focused problem statement / Fokussiertes Problem-Statement: Gap und möglicher Fortschritt</h3>
<p>…</p>
</section>
<section id="statement-of-study-intent-fokussierte-forschungsfragen" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="statement-of-study-intent-fokussierte-forschungsfragen">Statement of study intent / Fokussierte Forschungsfrage/n</h3>
<p>We performed a study of medical students to investigate the following questions:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>What is …</li>
<li>Why are …</li>
</ol>
<p>Wir haben eine Studie mit Medizinstudierenden durchgeführt, um die folgenden Fragen zu untersuchen:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>Was ist …</li>
<li>Warum sind …</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
<section id="methods-methoden" class="level2 page-columns page-full">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="methods-methoden">Methods / Methoden</h2>
<section id="setting-and-subjects-setting-und-probanden" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="setting-and-subjects-setting-und-probanden">Setting and subjects / Setting und Probanden</h3>
<p>Our study was conducted at Medical School …</p>
<p>Unsere Studie wurde an der Medizinischen Fakultät der … durchgeführt.</p>
<p>It takes six years to complete a course in medical school in Germany, with students enrolled directly from secondary schools. The course of study is divided into a pre-clinical section (the first two years) and a clinical section (the last four years). To improve students’ clinical experience, they are rotated in various hospital departments during their final year (“clinical/practical” year). …</p>
<p>Das Medizinstudium in Deutschland dauert sechs Jahre, wobei die Studierenden direkt von den weiterführenden Schulen aufgenommen werden. Das Studium gliedert sich in einen vorklinischen Teil (die ersten beiden Jahre) und einen klinischen Teil (die letzten vier Jahre). Um die klinische Erfahrung der Studenten zu verbessern, werden sie während ihres letzten Jahres (klinisch-praktisches Jahr) in verschiedenen Krankenhausabteilungen eingesetzt.</p>
</section>
<section id="study-design-studiendesign" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="study-design-studiendesign">Study design / Studiendesign</h3>
<p>The participants were asked to complete the BNT voluntarily and anonymously.</p>
</section>
<section id="ethical-approval-ethikvotum" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ethical-approval-ethikvotum">Ethical approval / Ethikvotum</h3>
<p>All participants had to agree verbally to participate. Additionally, they provided informed consent prior to the study by reading the background information and choosing to provide data. Ethical approval was given by the Ethics Committee of the Chamber of Physicians at Westfalen-Lippe and Bielefeld University, Medical School OWL (XXXX-YYY-f-S).</p>
<p>Alle Teilnehmer mussten sich mündlich zur Teilnahme bereit erklären. Zusätzlich gaben sie vor der Studie eine informierte Einwilligung, indem sie die Hintergrundinformationen lasen und sich daraufhin für die Bereitstellung ihrer Daten entschieden. Das Ethikvotum wurde von der Ethikkommission der Ärztekammer Westfalen-Lippe und der Universität Bielefeld, Medizinische Fakultät OWL (XXXX-YYY-f-S) erteilt.</p>
</section>
<section id="data-collection-datenerhebung" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data-collection-datenerhebung">Data collection / Datenerhebung</h3>
<p>Data collection for this study was determined à priori as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li>Input …</li>
</ul>
<p>Die Datenerhebung für diese Studie wurde à priori wie folgt festgelegt:</p>
<ul>
<li>Input …</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="outcome-measures-ergebnisparameter" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="outcome-measures-ergebnisparameter">Outcome Measures / Ergebnisparameter</h3>
<p>…</p>
</section>
<section id="statistical-methods-statistische-methoden" class="level3 page-columns page-full">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="statistical-methods-statistische-methoden">Statistical methods / Statistische Methoden</h3>
<p>We used the standard alpha level of .05 for significance and a power level of .80. Therefore, we needed a sample size of at least XX participants to detect an effect size showing a minimally important difference (d = .YY) <span class="citation" data-cites="hattie2023visible">[<a href="#ref-hattie2023visible" role="doc-biblioref">1</a>]</span> in outcome level between intervention and control groups (calculated <em>a priori</em> with G*Power 3.1) <span class="citation" data-cites="faul2007g">[<a href="#ref-faul2007g" role="doc-biblioref">2</a>]</span>. Statistical analysis, tables and figures were conducted using R <span class="citation" data-cites="R-base">[<a href="#ref-R-base" role="doc-biblioref">3</a>]</span> in RStudio IDE (Posit Software, Boston, MA) with the tidyverse-, gt- and ggstatsplot-packages <span class="citation" data-cites="tidyverse gt patil2021visualizations">[<a href="#ref-tidyverse" role="doc-biblioref">4</a>–<a href="#ref-patil2021visualizations" role="doc-biblioref">6</a>]</span>. Descriptive means and standard deviations were calculated for participants’ age, and total test scores and frequencies were calculated for sex and for solving the case scenarios. Sample means and frequencies were compared with population means and frequencies using one-sample t-tests and chi-square tests, respectively. …</p>
<div class="no-row-height column-margin column-container"><div id="ref-hattie2023visible" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1. Hattie J. Visible learning: The sequel: A synthesis of over 2,100 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Taylor & Francis; 2023.
</div><div id="ref-faul2007g" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
2. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods. 2007;39:175–91.
</div><div id="ref-R-base" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
3. R Core Team. <a href="https://www.R-project.org">R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing</a>. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2019.
</div><div id="ref-tidyverse" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
4. Wickham H, Averick M, Bryan J, Chang W, McGowan LD, François R, u. a. <a href="https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686">Welcome to the <span></span>tidyverse<span></span></a>. 2019;4:1686.
</div><div id="ref-patil2021visualizations" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
6. Patil I. Visualizations with statistical details: The’ggstatsplot’approach. Journal of Open Source Software. 2021;6:3167.
</div></div><p>Wir verwendeten das Standard-Alpha-Niveau von .05 für die Signifikanz und ein Power-Niveau von .80. Daher benötigten wir eine Stichprobengröße von mindestens XX Teilnehmern, um eine Effektgröße nachzuweisen, die einen minimal bedeutsamen Unterschied (d = .YY) <span class="citation" data-cites="hattie2023visible">[<a href="#ref-hattie2023visible" role="doc-biblioref">1</a>]</span> im Ergebnisniveau zwischen Interventions- und Kontrollgruppe zeigt (<em>a priori</em> berechnet mit G*Power 3.1) <span class="citation" data-cites="faul2007g">[<a href="#ref-faul2007g" role="doc-biblioref">2</a>]</span>. Statistische Analysen, Tabellen und Abbildungen wurden mit R <span class="citation" data-cites="R-base">[<a href="#ref-R-base" role="doc-biblioref">3</a>]</span> in RStudio IDE (Posit Software, Boston, MA) mit den tidyverse-, gt- und ggstatsplot-Paketen <span class="citation" data-cites="tidyverse gt patil2021visualizations">[<a href="#ref-tidyverse" role="doc-biblioref">4</a>–<a href="#ref-patil2021visualizations" role="doc-biblioref">6</a>]</span> durchgeführt. Deskriptive Mittelwerte und Standardabweichungen wurden für das Alter der Teilnehmer berechnet, und die Gesamttestwerte und Häufigkeiten wurden für das Geschlecht und für die Lösung der Fallszenarien berechnet. Die Mittelwerte und Häufigkeiten der Stichprobe wurden mit den Mittelwerten und Häufigkeiten der Grundgesamtheit unter Verwendung von t-Tests bzw. Chi-Quadrat-Tests für eine Stichprobe verglichen. …</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="results-ergebnisse" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="results-ergebnisse">Results / Ergebnisse</h2>
<section id="recruitment-process-and-demographic-characteristics-studienteilnehmer" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="recruitment-process-and-demographic-characteristics-studienteilnehmer">Recruitment Process and Demographic Characteristics / Studienteilnehmer</h3>
<p>The recruitment process is shown in Figure 1. We obtained XX complete data sets (return rate YY.Z%) after contacting …</p>
<p>Der Rekrutierungsprozess ist in Abbildung 1 dargestellt. Wir erhielten XX vollständige Datensätze (Rücklaufquote YY.Z%), nachdem wir Kontakt mit …</p>
<!-- Man kann Code-Ergebnisse über einfügen -->
</section>
<section id="primary-and-secondary-outcomes-haupt--und-nebenergebnisse" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="primary-and-secondary-outcomes-haupt--und-nebenergebnisse">Primary and secondary Outcomes / Haupt- und Nebenergebnisse</h3>
<p>…</p>
<!-- Man kann Code-Ergebnisse über einfügen -->
</section>
</section>
<section id="discussion-diskussion" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="discussion-diskussion">Discussion / Diskussion</h2>
<section id="summary-zusammenfassung-der-ergebnisse" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="summary-zusammenfassung-der-ergebnisse">Summary / Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse</h3>
<p>After the evaluation of all datasets, the following findings emerged. The first is that …</p>
<p>Nach Auswertung aller Datensätze ergaben sich die folgenden Erkenntnisse: Die erste ist, dass …</p>
</section>
<section id="limitation-studienpopulation" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="limitation-studienpopulation">Limitation: Studienpopulation</h3>
<p>möglicher Einfluss der Studienpopulation auf Interpretation und Anwendbarkeit der Ergebnisse …</p>
</section>
<section id="limitation-studiendesign" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="limitation-studiendesign">Limitation: Studiendesign</h3>
<p>möglicher Einfluss des Studiendesigns auf Interpretation und Anwendbarkeit der Ergebnisse …</p>
</section>
<section id="integration-with-prior-work-vergleich-mit-bestehender-theoretischer-und-empirischer-forschung" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="integration-with-prior-work-vergleich-mit-bestehender-theoretischer-und-empirischer-forschung">Integration with prior work / Vergleich mit bestehender theoretischer und empirischer Forschung</h3>
<p>…</p>
</section>
<section id="implications-for-practice-direkte-auswirkungen-der-ergebnisse-auf-praxis" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="implications-for-practice-direkte-auswirkungen-der-ergebnisse-auf-praxis">Implications for practice / Direkte Auswirkungen der Ergebnisse auf Praxis</h3>
<p>…</p>
</section>
<section id="implications-for-research-direkte-auswirkungen-der-ergebnisse-auf-forschung" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="implications-for-research-direkte-auswirkungen-der-ergebnisse-auf-forschung">Implications for research / Direkte Auswirkungen der Ergebnisse auf Forschung</h3>
<p>…</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="conclusions-schlussfolgerungen" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="conclusions-schlussfolgerungen">Conclusions / Schlussfolgerungen</h2>
<p>…</p>
</section>
<section id="references" class="level2 unnumbered">
<h2 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="references">References</h2>
</section>
<div id="quarto-appendix" class="default"><section id="declarations" class="level2 appendix"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Declarations</h2><div class="quarto-appendix-contents">
<section id="ethics-approval-and-consent-to-participate-ethikvotum" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ethics-approval-and-consent-to-participate-ethikvotum">Ethics approval and consent to participate / Ethikvotum</h3>
<p>Participants were asked to complete the test voluntarily and anonymously. To achieve maximum transparency, all participants had to verbally agree to participate. Additionally, they provided their informed consent prior to the study by reading the background information and choosing to provide data. An extra written consent was not obtained. The study and the use of only verbal consent was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chamber of Physicians at Westfalen-Lippe and Bielefeld University, Medical School OWL (XXXX-YYY-f-S).</p>
<p>Die Teilnehmer wurden gebeten, den Test freiwillig und anonym auszufüllen. Um ein Höchstmaß an Transparenz zu erreichen, mussten alle Teilnehmer ihre mündliche Zustimmung zur Teilnahme geben. Darüber hinaus gaben sie vor der Studie ihre informierte Zustimmung, indem sie die Hintergrundinformationen lasen und sich für die Bereitstellung ihrer Daten entschieden. Eine zusätzliche schriftliche Einwilligung wurde nicht eingeholt. Die Studie und die Verwendung der ausschließlich mündlichen Einwilligung wurde von der Ethikkommission der Ärztekammer Westfalen-Lippe und der Medizinischen Fakultät OWL der Universität Bielefeld genehmigt (XXXX-YYY-f-S).</p>
</section>
<section id="consent-for-publication-einwilligung-zur-veröffentlichung" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="consent-for-publication-einwilligung-zur-veröffentlichung">Consent for publication / Einwilligung zur Veröffentlichung</h3>
<p>Not applicable</p>
<p>Nicht zutreffend</p>
</section>
<section id="availability-of-data-and-materials-verfügbarkeit-von-daten-und-materialien" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="availability-of-data-and-materials-verfügbarkeit-von-daten-und-materialien">Availability of data and materials / Verfügbarkeit von Daten und Materialien</h3>
<p>The original data that support the findings of this study are available from Open Science Framework (osf.io, see manuscript-URL).</p>
<p>Die Originaldaten der Studie sind beim Open Science Framework (osf.io, siehe Manuskript-URL) verfügbar.</p>
</section>
<section id="competing-interests-konkurrierende-interessen" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="competing-interests-konkurrierende-interessen">Competing interests / Konkurrierende Interessen</h3>
<p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p>
<p>Die Autoren erklären, dass sie keine konkurrierenden Interessen haben.</p>
</section>
<section id="funding-finanzierung" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="funding-finanzierung">Funding / Finanzierung</h3>
<p>The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.</p>
<p>Der/die Autor*innen erhielt(en) für diese Arbeit keine spezielle Finanzierung.</p>
</section>
<section id="authors-contributions-beiträge-der-autorinnen" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="authors-contributions-beiträge-der-autorinnen">Authors’ contributions / Beiträge der Autor*innen</h3>
<p>HF conceived the study and participated in its design and coordination. XX participated in the data acquisition and data analysis. YY participated in the study design. ZZ participated in the design and coordination of the study. All authors helped to draft the manuscript.</p>
<p>HF konzipierte die Studie und beteiligte sich an deren Gestaltung und Koordination. XX war an der Datenerfassung und Datenanalyse beteiligt. YY war an der Gestaltung der Studie beteiligt. ZZ beteiligte sich an der Konzeption und Koordination der Studie. Alle Autor*innen haben an der Erstellung des Manuskripts mitgewirkt.</p>
</section>
<section id="acknowledgments-danksagung" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="acknowledgments-danksagung">Acknowledgments / Danksagung</h3>
<p>The authors are grateful for the insightful comments offered by the anonymous peer reviewers at Medical Education Online. The generosity and expertise of one and all have improved this study in innumerable ways and saved us from many errors; those that inevitably remain are entirely our own responsibility.</p>
<p>Die Autoren sind dankbar für die aufschlussreichen Kommentare der anonymen Peer-Reviewer von Medical Education Online. Die Großzügigkeit und das Fachwissen eines jeden Einzelnen haben diese Studie auf unzählige Arten verbessert und uns vor vielen Fehlern bewahrt; die, die unvermeidlich bleiben, liegen vollständig in unserer eigenen Verantwortung.</p>
</section>
</div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Wiederverwendung</h2><div id="quarto-reuse" class="quarto-appendix-contents"><div><a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de</a></div></div></section><section class="quarto-appendix-contents"><h2 class="anchored quarto-appendix-heading">Zitat</h2><div><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Mit BibTeX zitieren:</div><pre class="sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex"><code class="sourceCode bibtex">@online{friederichs2023,
author = {Hendrik Friederichs and Lennart Handke},
title = {Performance of ChatGPT in constructed responses},
date = {2023-09-06},
langid = {de}
}
</code><button title="In die Zwischenablage kopieren" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre><div class="quarto-appendix-secondary-label">Bitte zitieren Sie diese Arbeit als:</div><div id="ref-friederichs2023" class="csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas" role="listitem">
1. Hendrik Friederichs, Lennart Handke. Performance of ChatGPT in
constructed responses. Medical Education Online. 2023.
</div></div></section></div></main>
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const toggles = window.document.querySelectorAll('.quarto-color-scheme-toggle');
for (let i=0; i < toggles.length; i++) {
const toggle = toggles[i];
if (toggle) {
if (alternate) {
toggle.classList.add("alternate");
} else {
toggle.classList.remove("alternate");
}
}
}
// Hack to workaround the fact that safari doesn't
// properly recolor the scrollbar when toggling (#1455)
if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Safari') > 0 && navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Chrome') == -1) {
manageTransitions("body", false);
window.scrollTo(0, 1);
setTimeout(() => {
window.scrollTo(0, 0);
manageTransitions("body", true);
}, 40);
}
}
const isFileUrl = () => {
return window.location.protocol === 'file:';
}
const hasAlternateSentinel = () => {
let styleSentinel = getColorSchemeSentinel();
if (styleSentinel !== null) {
return styleSentinel === "alternate";
} else {
return false;
}
}
const setStyleSentinel = (alternate) => {
const value = alternate ? "alternate" : "default";
if (!isFileUrl()) {
window.localStorage.setItem("quarto-color-scheme", value);
} else {
localAlternateSentinel = value;
}
}
const getColorSchemeSentinel = () => {
if (!isFileUrl()) {
const storageValue = window.localStorage.getItem("quarto-color-scheme");
return storageValue != null ? storageValue : localAlternateSentinel;
} else {
return localAlternateSentinel;
}
}
const darkModeDefault = false;
let localAlternateSentinel = darkModeDefault ? 'alternate' : 'default';
// Dark / light mode switch
window.quartoToggleColorScheme = () => {
// Read the current dark / light value
let toAlternate = !hasAlternateSentinel();
toggleColorMode(toAlternate);
setStyleSentinel(toAlternate);
toggleGiscusIfUsed(toAlternate, darkModeDefault);
};
// Ensure there is a toggle, if there isn't float one in the top right
if (window.document.querySelector('.quarto-color-scheme-toggle') === null) {
const a = window.document.createElement('a');
a.classList.add('top-right');
a.classList.add('quarto-color-scheme-toggle');
a.href = "";
a.onclick = function() { try { window.quartoToggleColorScheme(); } catch {} return false; };
const i = window.document.createElement("i");
i.classList.add('bi');
a.appendChild(i);
window.document.body.appendChild(a);
}
// Switch to dark mode if need be
if (hasAlternateSentinel()) {
toggleColorMode(true);
} else {
toggleColorMode(false);
}
const icon = "";
const anchorJS = new window.AnchorJS();
anchorJS.options = {
placement: 'right',
icon: icon
};
anchorJS.add('.anchored');
const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => {
for (const clz of el.classList) {
if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
const clipboard = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button', {
text: function(trigger) {
const codeEl = trigger.previousElementSibling.cloneNode(true);
for (const childEl of codeEl.children) {
if (isCodeAnnotation(childEl)) {
childEl.remove();
}
}
return codeEl.innerText;
}
});
clipboard.on('success', function(e) {
// button target
const button = e.trigger;
// don't keep focus
button.blur();
// flash "checked"
button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked');
var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title");
button.setAttribute("title", "Kopiert");
let tooltip;
if (window.bootstrap) {
button.setAttribute("data-bs-toggle", "tooltip");
button.setAttribute("data-bs-placement", "left");
button.setAttribute("data-bs-title", "Kopiert");
tooltip = new bootstrap.Tooltip(button,
{ trigger: "manual",
customClass: "code-copy-button-tooltip",
offset: [0, -8]});
tooltip.show();
}
setTimeout(function() {
if (tooltip) {
tooltip.hide();
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-title");
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-toggle");
button.removeAttribute("data-bs-placement");
}
button.setAttribute("title", currentTitle);
button.classList.remove('code-copy-button-checked');
}, 1000);
// clear code selection
e.clearSelection();
});
function tippyHover(el, contentFn, onTriggerFn, onUntriggerFn) {
const config = {
allowHTML: true,
maxWidth: 500,
delay: 100,
arrow: false,
appendTo: function(el) {
return el.parentElement;
},
interactive: true,
interactiveBorder: 10,
theme: 'quarto',
placement: 'bottom-start',
};
if (contentFn) {
config.content = contentFn;
}
if (onTriggerFn) {
config.onTrigger = onTriggerFn;
}
if (onUntriggerFn) {
config.onUntrigger = onUntriggerFn;
}
window.tippy(el, config);
}
const noterefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-noteref"]');
for (var i=0; i<noterefs.length; i++) {
const ref = noterefs[i];
tippyHover(ref, function() {
// use id or data attribute instead here
let href = ref.getAttribute('data-footnote-href') || ref.getAttribute('href');
try { href = new URL(href).hash; } catch {}
const id = href.replace(/^#\/?/, "");
const note = window.document.getElementById(id);
return note.innerHTML;
});
}
const xrefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a.quarto-xref');
const processXRef = (id, note) => {
// Strip column container classes
const stripColumnClz = (el) => {
el.classList.remove("page-full", "page-columns");
if (el.children) {
for (const child of el.children) {
stripColumnClz(child);
}
}
}
stripColumnClz(note)
if (id.startsWith('sec-')) {
// Special case sections, only their first couple elements
const container = document.createElement("div");
if (note.children && note.children.length > 2) {
for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
container.appendChild(note.children[i].cloneNode(true));
}
return container.innerHTML
} else {
return note.innerHTML;
}
} else {
// Remove any anchor links if they are present
const anchorLink = note.querySelector('a.anchorjs-link');
if (anchorLink) {
anchorLink.remove();
}
return note.innerHTML;
}
}
for (var i=0; i<xrefs.length; i++) {
const xref = xrefs[i];
tippyHover(xref, undefined, function(instance) {
instance.disable();
let url = xref.getAttribute('href');
let hash = undefined;
if (url.startsWith('#')) {
hash = url;
} else {
try { hash = new URL(url).hash; } catch {}
}
if (hash) {
const id = hash.replace(/^#\/?/, "");
const note = window.document.getElementById(id);
if (note !== null) {
try {
const html = processXRef(id, note.cloneNode(true));
instance.setContent(html);
} finally {
instance.enable();
instance.show();
}
} else {
// See if we can fetch this
fetch(url.split('#')[0])
.then(res => res.text())
.then(html => {
const parser = new DOMParser();
const htmlDoc = parser.parseFromString(html, "text/html");
const note = htmlDoc.getElementById(id);
if (note !== null) {
const html = processXRef(id, note);
instance.setContent(html);
}
}).finally(() => {
instance.enable();
instance.show();
});
}
}
}, function(instance) {
});
}
let selectedAnnoteEl;
const selectorForAnnotation = ( cell, annotation) => {
let cellAttr = 'data-code-cell="' + cell + '"';
let lineAttr = 'data-code-annotation="' + annotation + '"';
const selector = 'span[' + cellAttr + '][' + lineAttr + ']';
return selector;
}
const selectCodeLines = (annoteEl) => {
const doc = window.document;
const targetCell = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-cell");
const targetAnnotation = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-annotation");
const annoteSpan = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation));
const lines = annoteSpan.getAttribute("data-code-lines").split(",");
const lineIds = lines.map((line) => {
return targetCell + "-" + line;
})
let top = null;
let height = null;
let parent = null;
if (lineIds.length > 0) {
//compute the position of the single el (top and bottom and make a div)
const el = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[0]);
top = el.offsetTop;
height = el.offsetHeight;
parent = el.parentElement.parentElement;
if (lineIds.length > 1) {
const lastEl = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[lineIds.length - 1]);
const bottom = lastEl.offsetTop + lastEl.offsetHeight;
height = bottom - top;
}
if (top !== null && height !== null && parent !== null) {
// cook up a div (if necessary) and position it
let div = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight");
if (div === null) {
div = window.document.createElement("div");
div.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight");
div.style.position = 'absolute';
parent.appendChild(div);
}
div.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
div.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
div.style.left = 0;
let gutterDiv = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
if (gutterDiv === null) {
gutterDiv = window.document.createElement("div");
gutterDiv.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
gutterDiv.style.position = 'absolute';
const codeCell = window.document.getElementById(targetCell);
const gutter = codeCell.querySelector('.code-annotation-gutter');
gutter.appendChild(gutterDiv);
}
gutterDiv.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
gutterDiv.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
}
selectedAnnoteEl = annoteEl;
}
};
const unselectCodeLines = () => {
const elementsIds = ["code-annotation-line-highlight", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"];
elementsIds.forEach((elId) => {
const div = window.document.getElementById(elId);
if (div) {
div.remove();
}
});
selectedAnnoteEl = undefined;
};
// Handle positioning of the toggle
window.addEventListener(
"resize",
throttle(() => {
console.log("RESIZE");
elRect = undefined;
if (selectedAnnoteEl) {
selectCodeLines(selectedAnnoteEl);
}
}, 10)
);
function throttle(fn, ms) {
let throttle = false;
let timer;
return (...args) => {
if(!throttle) { // first call gets through
fn.apply(this, args);
throttle = true;
} else { // all the others get throttled
if(timer) clearTimeout(timer); // cancel #2
timer = setTimeout(() => {
fn.apply(this, args);
timer = throttle = false;
}, ms);
}
};
}
// Attach click handler to the DT
const annoteDls = window.document.querySelectorAll('dt[data-target-cell]');
for (const annoteDlNode of annoteDls) {
annoteDlNode.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
const clickedEl = event.target;
if (clickedEl !== selectedAnnoteEl) {
unselectCodeLines();
const activeEl = window.document.querySelector('dt[data-target-cell].code-annotation-active');
if (activeEl) {
activeEl.classList.remove('code-annotation-active');
}
selectCodeLines(clickedEl);
clickedEl.classList.add('code-annotation-active');
} else {
// Unselect the line
unselectCodeLines();
clickedEl.classList.remove('code-annotation-active');
}
});
}
const findCites = (el) => {
const parentEl = el.parentElement;
if (parentEl) {
const cites = parentEl.dataset.cites;
if (cites) {
return {
el,
cites: cites.split(' ')
};
} else {
return findCites(el.parentElement)
}
} else {
return undefined;
}
};
var bibliorefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-biblioref"]');
for (var i=0; i<bibliorefs.length; i++) {
const ref = bibliorefs[i];
const citeInfo = findCites(ref);
if (citeInfo) {
tippyHover(citeInfo.el, function() {
var popup = window.document.createElement('div');
citeInfo.cites.forEach(function(cite) {
var citeDiv = window.document.createElement('div');
citeDiv.classList.add('hanging-indent');
citeDiv.classList.add('csl-entry');
var biblioDiv = window.document.getElementById('ref-' + cite);
if (biblioDiv) {
citeDiv.innerHTML = biblioDiv.innerHTML;
}
popup.appendChild(citeDiv);
});
return popup.innerHTML;
});
}
}
});
</script>
</div> <!-- /content -->
</body></html>